University of California-Irvine neurobiologist Sunil Gandhi and colleagues re-created a critical juvenile period in the brains of adult mice, reactivating brain plasticity - the rapid and robust changes in neural pathways and synapses as a result of learning and experience.
The scientists achieved this by transplanting a certain type of embryonic neuron into the brains of adult mice.
The transplanted neurons express GABA, a chief inhibitory neurotransmitter that aids in motor control, vision and many other cortical functions.
In early life, normal visual experience is crucial to properly wire connections in the visual system. Impaired vision during this time leads to a long-lasting visual deficit called amblyopia.
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In an attempt to restore normal sight, the researchers transplanted GABA neurons into the visual cortex of adult amblyopic mice.
"Several weeks after transplantation, when the donor animal's visual system would be going through its critical period, the amblyopic mice started to see with normal visual acuity," said Melissa Davis, a postdoctoral fellow and lead author of the study.
"These experiments make clear that developmental mechanisms located within these GABA cells control the timing of the critical period," said Gandhi, an assistant professor of neurobiology & behaviour.
The study was published in the journal Neuron.