Planes, boats and helicopters scoured the seas off Japan's Pacific coast in a bid to find the crew who disappeared in the predawn accident, which also left the USS Fitzgerald's skipper injured.
It was not clear where the missing sailors were when the collision happened.
Several other crew members were injured and had to be evacuated by air to hospital, including the guided missile destroyer's commanding officer Bryce Benson.
"There are seven sailors unaccounted for; the ship and the Japanese Coast Guard continues to search for them," the Navy said.
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The collision between the Fitzgerald and Philippine- flagged container ship ACX Crystal happened around 2:30 am (1730 GMT Friday) off the coast of the Izu peninsula, southwest of Tokyo.
The area is a busy shipping channel that is a gateway to major container ports in Yokohama and Tokyo.
NHK said the massive 222-metre (730 foot) container ship made a sharp turn around the time of the accident, but its captain suggested otherwise.
"(We) were sailing in the same direction as the US destroyer was and then collided," he was quoted as saying by Jiji Press news agency.
Japan's coastguard, which is probing the incident, said it has sent a half dozen vessels, several aircraft and a team of specially-trained rescue personnel to the scene. They were later joined by the country's Self-Defence Forces.
The 154-metre Fitzgerald -- which was commissioned in 1995 and deployed in the Iraq war in 2003 -- is based in Yokosuka, operating in the Pacific and the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
The accident happened 56 nautical miles (104 kilometres) southwest of Yokosuka, the navy said.
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