The crowd had gathered in a sports stadium for a demonstration in support for President Ashraf Ghani, said Nangarhar province's police spokesman Hazrat Hussain Mashriqiwal.
"Six people including a woman and a child have been killed and 13 more injured, all of them civilians," he told AFP by phone.
The toll was confirmed by the provincial governor's spokesman as well as a local health director, who said some of the wounded were in a serious condition.
The Taliban also have an active presence in parts of the province.
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Afghan and US officials have stepped up their attacks on IS, saying the group was steadily losing territory with fighters largely confined to two or three districts in Nangarhar compared to around nine in January.
But the group has also intensified attacks across the country, particularly in the east and in the capital Kabul, recruiting followers and in some places challenging the Taliban on their own turf.
Political rivalries have also been intensifying in the country before next year's long-delayed district and parliamentary elections, which would pave the way for a 2019 presidential ballot.
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