Smoking while pregnant damages placenta

Moms-to-be, please note! Smoking while pregnant may cause severe DNA damage to cells in the placenta and significantly impair its function, a new study has warned.
Researchers from the University of Otago, New Zealand, analysed 236 placenta samples donated by women in the Otago Placenta Study (OPuS) after delivery.
Of these women, 52 smoked throughout their pregnancy, 34 gave up smoking four weeks before delivery or earlier, and the remaining 150 were non-smokers.
Lead author Dr Tania Slatter of the Department of Pathology said smoking in pregnancy has long been linked to lower birth weights and increased risk of serious complications, though the exact mechanisms are unknown.

Now, Slatter and colleagues have identified greatly increased rates of double-strand DNA breaks in smokers' placental cells. Such breaks are a severe form of DNA damage that can lead to cells becoming genetically unstable.
They also found that the more cigarettes a woman smoked, the greater the DNA damage.

"Our study also showed a clear link between higher rates of double-strand breaks and lower birth weights and earlier delivery in mothers who smoked," Slatter said.
Moreover, the researchers found evidence of impaired placental cell function through reduced expression of at least three proteins key to foetal nourishment and growth.
Additionally, DNA repair mechanisms in placental cells showed signs of being compromised in the smoking group.

Slatter said previous research had identified another type of placental DNA damage in smokers, known as DNA adducts, but her team is the first to show that double-strand breaks also occur.
DNA damage levels in the placentas of 34 women in the study who had been smoke-free for more than four weeks before giving birth were found to be similar to that of non-smokers and their DNA repair mechanisms appeared to be working properly once more.
"This finding reinforces the message that women who are smoking in pregnancy can still reduce their chances of complications - and potentially give their child a better start - if they quit," Slatter said.

"Of course, it is vastly preferable to be a non-smoker during pregnancy, but this research highlights that it is still better to quit late than never," she said.
The study will be published in the journal Human Pathology.