The victim, who cannot be identified according to Sri Lankan laws, had been repeatedly raped by more than one man, police spokesman Ajith Rohana told AFP.
He said she alleged that sailors from a base in the Jaffna peninsula in the north had attacked her.
"We arrested seven sailors, but the girl was unable to identify the rapists," Rohana said, adding that investigations were continuing.
The sailors were arrested over the weekend but freed on bail yesterday.
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The Hong Kong-based Asian Human Rights Council said there were serious grounds to fear that the victims' families could be placed under pressure by military authorities deployed in the region.
Government forces have a large presence in the northern region, where separatist Tamil Tiger rebels were defeated in May 2009 following a decades-long war that claimed at least 100,000 lives.
Sri Lanka has strict laws protecting women and children, but there have been few convictions for sexual offences because of the reluctance of the victims to speak out or due to threats of more violence against them.