In an apparent reference to violence by self-proclaimed cow protectors, he asked Modi in the Lok Sabha to "stop the engines of coercion in their tracks".
He was speaking during a special discussion to commemorate the 75th anniversary of Quit India movement and the prime minister was present.
Bose quoted Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, Subhash Chandra Bose and Swami Vivekananda to cite their emphasis on religious harmony and peaceful co-existence as he said India needed peace to reach from 'sankalp to siddhi', a call given by Modi.
"Those who are occupying the treasury benches today have their own 'gurujis'. But for the next five years, I would invite them to join us on a journey on the broad highway illuminated by the halo of Mahatma Gandhi. An overarching sense of Indian nationhood will happily coexist with multiple identities of our diverse populace," Bose said.
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The 75th Anniversary of the Quit India movement called for soul-searching introspection rather than chest-thumping celebration, he said.
Gandhi, he said, had stated that "irreligion masquerades as religion", adding that and this was being seen today.
"We have to make sure that we do not have a vision of untrammelled dominance of one community and one language," he said.
In some parts of the country, people are witnessing a repeat of the "hatred" that had marked the cow protection movements of the 1890s, and the 'shuddhi and sangathan' movements of the late 1920s.