Four soldiers were also killed, said a statement from the military which rarely gives assessments of victims in its conflict with the rebels of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) in South Kordofan.
The SPLM-N confirmed the attack but denied that 110 of its fighters were killed, reporting just three dead and 15 wounded among its ranks.
The rebels targeted Al-Atmur region, where troops on Friday overran a base that the insurgents had used to launch mortar attacks on Kadugli, the capital of South Kordofan.
"After three hours of fighting the soldiers managed to suppress them, killing 110 and wounding a large number," he added.
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SPLM-N spokesman Arnu Lodi said the rebels had managed to "take a part of Al-Atmur" and that fighting was ongoing.
The rebels "also wanted to march on Kadugli", he added, citing reports of "heavy artillery bombing by the rebels of military targets" in the state capital and Al-Atmur.
Ethnic minority rebels in South Kordofan have been fighting government forces for three years in a largely hidden war which the United Nations says has affected more than one million people.
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said last week that civilians are bearing the brunt of the fighting "with more people displaced and civilian structures hit in SPLM-N areas".