The 31-year-old Sudha won her race in 9 minute 59.47 seconds to grab the lone gold for India to steal the limelight in front of a packed crowd at the Kalinga Stadium.
It was Sudha's first gold in her fourth attempt in the Asian Championship.
Anu Raghavan added a silver in the women's 400m hurdles, while woman triple jumper N V Sheena, man 400m hurdler Jabir M P and the women's 4x100m relay team grabbed a bronze as India took one gold, one silver and three bronze today.
Sudha, who had also won a silver each in the 2009, 2011 and 2013 editions, was a gold medal contender in the absence of compatriot Lalita Babar, who skipped the event after her recent marriage, and Bahrain's world and Asian record holder Ruth Jebet.
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The Uttar Pradesh athlete led from the very beginning, and after running together for a while along with the other five competitors, broke away around the halfway mark and left all her rivals way behind to win the gold. She took a lap of honour after her win which also ensured her a berth in next month's World Championship in London.
North Korea's 18-year-old Hyo Gyong was a distant second in 10:13.94 while Japan's Nana Sato took the bronze in 10:18.11.
"I am very happy to win this gold. This is my top level competition after Rio Olympics. I was down with swine flu after the Rio Olympics and I was down for five-six months and after that I started training slowly and steadily. So, this win is special. It is a slow timing but the conditions are not that good," she said after her win.
Raghavan then gave India the second medal of the day with a fine show in the women's 400m hurdles as she clocked 57.22 seconds, behind favourite Nguyen Thi (56.14) of Vietnam.
Home crowd favourite Dutee Chand grabbed her second bronze of the championships as she encored the host 4x100m relay team to third place event in 44.57 seconds.
The other members of the quartet were Srabani Nanda, Himashree Roy and Merlin K Joseph. Kazakhstan took the gold in 43.53 seconds while China won the silver in 44.50secs.
Jabir then added an unexpected bronze in men's 400m hurdles, clocking a personal best of 50.22 seconds behind Eric Shawn Cray (49.57) of Philippines and Chen Chieh (49.75) of Chinese Taipei.
However, in men's 3000m steeplechase, Naveen Kumar, a bronze medallist in 2014 Asian Games, and Durga Das Budha finished a disappointing seventh and eighth in 9:02.95 and 9:04.05 respectively.
In men's 110m hurdles, India's Siddharth Thingalaya finished fifth in 13.72 seconds. Kuwait won both the gold and silver with Abdulazia Al-Mandeel and Yaqoub Al-Youha clocking 13.50 and 13.59 respectively.