The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said seven children and one woman were among the dead in the village of Khasham in Syria's oil-rich Deir Ezzor province.
Controlled by the Islamic State jihadist group, Khasham lies just 20 kilometres southeast of the provincial capital, most of which is now held by IS.
The Observatory said the death toll was likely to rise as "dozens" more people were wounded.
The monitor relies on a network of activists on the ground and says it distinguishes between Syrian, Russian and US-led coalition aircraft based on flight patterns, as well as the type of planes and ordnance used.
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But the latest strikes come as Syria's government pushes to retake territory captured by IS after a fierce offensive by the jihadist group on January 16.
The multi-front assault on Deir Ezzor and subsequent fighting has left nearly 500 people dead, according to the Observatory.
While IS holds most of the province, the regime has clung onto parts of the provincial capital, as well as the nearby military airport.
The jihadist group has also tightened its siege of the roughly 200,000 people still living inside the city.