Heavy fighting erupted at 4:00 am (0200 GMT) around Base 80 outside the northern city, following which 15 rebels were killed, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said.
The troops were backed by pro-regime militia and fighters from Lebanon's Shiite militant group Hezbollah in their assault on rebel groups including the Al-Qaeda-affiliated Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
"Regime troops have advanced inside the base and now control large parts of it, and rebel groups and the Islamic State are bringing in reinforcements," said the Observatory.
Rebel forces seized control of Base 80 in heavy fighting in February.
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The base's garrison was responsible for securing Aleppo international airport and the adjacent Nayrab military airfield, which both remain under regime control.
Elsewhere, the Observatory reported ongoing fighting around a key weapons depot near the town of Mahin in central Homs province.
Rebel groups, including Al-Qaeda-affiliated battalions, seized control of part of the depot earlier this week, and the Observatory said the army and opposition were bringing in reinforcements.