The base, outside the city of Deir el-Zour, has been used by the government in the past months to launch air raids on areas held by the Islamic State group bordering Iraq.
The Islamic State group is trying to capture the air base and a nearby barracks known as Brigade 137 to eliminate the main pocket of resistance in the area and provide a major morale and propaganda boost after a string of setbacks in recent weeks.
The group said that some Islamic State fighters had breathing problems in the area after government forces used chlorine gas against them.
Syrian state TV quoted an unnamed military official as saying that troops repelled attempts by "terrorists" on several areas near the city of Deir el-Zour and killed "tens of them and destroyed their vehicles and weapons."
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The Islamic State group began a major offensive on the air base, one of the last government-held areas in the province of Deir el-Zour, on Thursday.
The Observatory said that since Thursday, more than 150 fighters on both sides have been killed, including 51 troops and pro-government militiamen. It said at least 100 Islamic State group fighters have been killed, including two French citizens.
Activists who support the Islamic State group posted photos on social media showing two military helicopters that they claimed were captured by the jihadis.
On Friday, Islamic State group fighters captured the strategic village of Jafra near the air base. If jihadis capture the air base and Brigade 137, they could threaten government-held areas in the provincial capital of Deir el-Zour.