Russia marked National Unity Day at a time of growing social and economic problems in the country as well as simmering tensions with the West.
Some 85,000 people marched through central Moscow, police said, while more modest gatherings of hardline nationalists also took place in the Russian capital.
Unity Day was introduced under Putin to mark the 1612 expulsion of Polish occupiers and has grown in importance, alongside a rise in both state-sponsored nationalism and its less controlled far-right version.
Later in the day he extolled patriotism at the unveiling of an exhibition which is dedicated to the country's history between 1914 and 1945 and was put together by the government and the Church.
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"Love for the homeland was the strongest and invincible feeling, it inspired, helped and saved," the Russian strongman said at the ceremony.
Putin, who has been in power for the past 15 years, sees nationalism as one of his most powerful weapons for maintaining a strong base of support and challenging the West.
Some 300 people took part in the event commemorating the 224 victims, an AFP correspondent reported.
One of the participants, Natalia Godlevskaya, 40, said: "We should be together at this tragic moment.