General Prayuth Chan-ocha, dressed in a white uniform and flanked by more than a dozen other military officials, addressed reporters here, saying he had received a royal command from the country's deeply revered King to head the ruling military council.
"I'm not here to argue with anyone. I want to bring everything out in the open and fix it," Prayuth said in his first news conference since taking power last week.
He issued a warning to the groups of protesters who have gathered in Bangkok in recent days to voice their opposition to the coup and call for democratic elections.
"Right now there are people coming out to protest. So do you want to go back to the old days? I'm asking the people in the country, if you want it that way, then I will have to enforce the law," Prayuth said.
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The demonstrators, who numbered in the hundreds yesterday, have scuffled with soldiers in the streets.
With more protests expected, Prayuth said the military would not tolerate public displays of dissent indefinitely as the situation was reaching a "boiling point".
He urged people to stop demonstrating, warning that they risk a stricter enforcement of martial law and prosecution in military courts.
Prayuth also told journalists and social media users not to post provocative messages.
He vowed to hold elections as "soon as possible" but said there was "no set time period" for when fresh polls might be held.
The 86-year-old monarch was not present during the ceremony.
In the largest march since the coup on Thursday, over 1,000 people held protest march in one of Bangkok's busiest shopping districts yesterday.