In the audacious daylight mugging, assailants set upon the 29-year-old victim as he dragged the case containing USD 380 million yen (USD 3.5 million) across a parking lot in downtown Fukuoka, a police spokesman and local media said.
He was sprayed in the face with what is thought to have been tear gas by the attackers, who made off in a car with the suitcase.
Few other details were initially available.
The country has an enviable safety record and muggings and other forms of street crime, such as pickpocketing, are rare. But Japan does have a shadowy underworld run by 'yakuza' organised crime syndicates.
The case came after local media reports in December said thieves posing as police officers had walked off with more than USD 5 million of gold last year in Fukuoka after telling a group of men carrying it in briefcases to hand it over.