"I am stepping down as minister and lawmaker," Erdogan Bayraktar told the private NTV television. "I believe the prime minister should also resign."
The move comes shortly after Economy Minister Zafer Caglayan and Interior Minister Muammer Guler announced their resignations.
The sons of Guler and Caglayan are among the two dozen people who have been charged as part of a high-level bribery and corruption probe that has ensnared close government allies and top businessmen. They are currently in detention.
Bayraktar was the sole minister to call on Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan to follow suit.
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"There is nothing in the investigation file that hurts me or that I cannot explain," he said.
"It's prime minister's natural right to work with or remove whichever minister he would like to," he added.
"But I don't accept any pressure to resign over an operation involving bribery and corruption. I don't accept it because a big majority of construction plans laid down and approved in the investigation dossier were carried out with the approval of the prime minister."
Police conducted raids last week and detained dozens of people suspected of numerous offences including accepting and facilitating bribes for development projects and securing construction permits for protected areas in exchange for money.
Erdogan, who has led Turkey since 2002 as the head of a conservative Islamic-leaning government, has described the probe as "a smear campaign" to undermine Turkey's ambitions to become a major political and economic power.