Public broadcaster NHK, Jiji Press and other major media forecast the 64-year-old Koike as the winner just after polls closed at 8 pm local time.
Koike is a former TV anchorwoman, defence minister and environment minister.
Official ballot counting in the sprawling metropolis of 13.6 million people, was expected to take hours to complete. But with three per cent of votes tallied she had more than 84,000 votes to slightly over 60,000 for her closest challenger.
"I will lead Tokyo politics in an unprecedented manner, a Tokyo you have never seen," she said in a voice made mildly hoarse after two weeks of campaigning.
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The election, contested by a record field of 21 candidates, was called after previous governor Yoichi Masuzoe resigned over a financial scandal involving the lavish use of public funds on hotels and spa trips -- the second successive Tokyo leader to quit.
Koike largely played down her achievement of becoming the capital's first woman governor in a male-dominated society but said she will push female-friendly policies "so that both women and men can shine in Tokyo".
Koike's four-year term will extend until just after the summer Games start and her performance in the run-up will be closely watched.
A key challenge will be getting a grip on swelling costs, seen as possibly double or triple the reported original forecast of 730 billion yen (USD 7.14 billion).
She vowed to tackle the cost issue head on.
"I would like to review the basis for the budget, so that I can clarify for the eyes of Tokyo residents how much they would have to pay," Koike said, adding that transparency would be the watchword.
Euphoria in 2013 at securing the right to host sport's marquee event has given way to frustration over gaffes, scandals and cost overruns.
Last year Prime Minister Shinzo Abe had to tear up blueprints for a new Olympic stadium because of ballooning costs, while organisers ditched the official logo after the designer was accused of plagiarism. A new one was solicited.
Such fiascoes, however, have since been overshadowed by allegations of corruption, and French prosecutors have launched an investigation into alleged bribes linked to Tokyo's bid. Organisers have denied wrongdoing.
Despite the high number of candidates, the Tokyo race was seen as a three-way contest between Koike and two men -- former prefectural governor Hiroya Masuda and prominent television journalist Shuntaro Torigoe.