The top US diplomat spoke with Bahraini Foreign Minister Sheikh Khaled bin Ahmed al-Khalifa behind closed doors, with neither making a public statement after the talks.
"Human rights were part of the discussion, and specifically, in terms of urging them to make additional progress," acting deputy State Department spokesman Patrick Ventrell told journalists.
Kerry "noted the reforms that Bahrain has made and encouraged them to do more in the process so they can continue in order to ensure long-term stability in Bahrain."
A recent State Department human rights report criticised Bahrain for "citizens' inability to change their government peacefully; arrest and detention of protesters on vague charges" as well as "torture in detention."
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The report also highlighted that "discrimination on the basis of gender, religion, nationality, and sect persisted, especially against the Shiite population" that makes up a majority in Bahrain.
Manama reacted with "dismay" at the charges.
"So while we encourage the efforts under way, we want them to follow through on them.