The federal court in Washington ruled that Trump had the right to name his budget director Mick Mulvaney as acting director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), rather than allowing CFPB deputy director Leandra English to hold the spot.
English was selected as a temporary successor by outgoing director Richard Cordray, who had turned the six-year-old agency into a strong advocate for consumers in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis.
Trump immediately named Mulvaney for the same job, sparking a legal tussle that ended up in court.
The administration has also criticised it as too politically independent, saying it needs to be better- controlled by Congress.
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But consumer advocates worry that the Trump administration will defang the CFPB and eliminate regulations of banks and other financial businesses.
Since its start the bureau has taken action against abusive debt collections, "payday" lenders that charge astronomical interest rates, and banks and insurance companies that abuse customers, while tightening protections for mortgage borrowers.
The White House cheered the decision today.
The ruling "provides further support for the president's rightful authority to designate Director Mulvaney as acting director of the CFPB," said deputy spokesman Raj Shah.