Moscow State University student Varvara Karaulova, 19, was found in the Turkish border town of Kilis after she vanished from the Russian capital, the interior ministry said in a statement.
"The operation to track her down was sucessful thanks to the swift use of all of Interpol's capabilities and the coordinated actions by the Turkish and Russian law enforcement agencies," the statement said.
Karaulova was currently being held by Turkish immigration officials, the statement added.
The cultural studies major -- who had apparently developed an interest in Islam and Arabic -- went missing on May 27 after skipping lectures at the prestigious university and flying to Istanbul, local media has reported, sparking speculation she wanted to link up with jihadists from the Islamic State (IS) group.
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Pavel Karaulov said he was still "in shock" over her flight from Moscow.
Russia's interior ministry told RIA Novosti they were weighing whether to open a criminal investigation into Karaulova for trying to join an illegal armed group.
She is not the first young woman from Europe to try to travel to Syria.
A group of three London schoolgirls crossed into the war-torn nation in February and Turkey yesterday said it had detained a French woman who crossed back after joining IS.
Turkey has come under fire from the West over the flow of foreign jihadists through its volatile border.
The government in Ankara says it has put over 13,500 foreign citizens -- 18 per cent of whom are of European or North American origin -- on an entry blacklist to stop them travelling to Syria.