The conservative prime minister, who has dug in his heels over the crisis that has led to the resignation of three ministers, went again on the attack during a speech in the southern city of Manisa.
"Whoever practises corruption will have us to deal with, but I have to say that there is a very serious smear campaign," Erdogan said.
The premier clearly targeted -- without naming it -- the Gulen movement, of ally-turned-enemy Fethullah Gulen, an influential Muslim cleric who lives in self-imposed exile in the United States, and who has loyalists in Turkey's judiciary, police force and political sphere.
"There are some members of the judiciary who, unfortunately, act in sympathy with certain criminal groups and side with some media outlets in order to smear innocent people by leaking confidential documents," the premier said.
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The prime minister sought to portray the corruption probe as damaging to all of Turkey, not just to himself and his ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP).
Last day, Turkey's top court blocked an Erdogan decree that tried to limit the way police handled probes.
Erdogan snapped at a Turkish prosecutor involved in the probe, Muammer Akkas, who had highlighted attempts to stall the inquiry through pressure.
"Who are you working for?" Erdogan asked. "You don't have the authority to affect the process regarding the government decree.... You have violated the constitution."
Erdogan's administration also hit back at the European Union which last day urged Turkey to address corruption allegations in a "transparent and impartial manner".