The action by the Istanbul prosecutor's office came after a group of Turkish lawyers filed a complaint against the individual.
The lawyers accuse them of links to US-based Muslim preacher Fethullah Gulen who, according to Ankara, orchestrated last year's failed coup, Anadolu news agency reported.
The list of accused includes US citizens who have had involvement in Turkey issues and also Turkish citizens resident in the United States.
Also probed are US-based Turkish citizens including Faruk Taban, president of the Turkic American Alliance (TAA), and Talha Sarac of the Turkish American Business Network, Anadolu reported.
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The individuals are accused of "attempting to overthrow the constitutional order", "attempting to overthrow the Turkish government" and "membership in an armed terror group," it said.
Turkey accuses the movement Gulen leads of being a "terror organisation" although the group insists it is a peaceful organisation promoting moderate Islam. Gulen has denied being behind the failed coup.
The government has repeatedly asked the United States to extradite Gulen, who has been living in exile there since 1999.
Some Turkish officials have repeatedly insinuated that the United States had a hand in the coup bid but this has been vehemently denied by Washington.
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