Police raided addresses in 18 provinces including the western coastal city of Izmir, the private Dogan news agency reported. Prosecutors had issued arrest warrants for 57 suspects in total, it added.
Three former provincial governors and an ex-deputy police chief of Izmir were among the detainees suspected of leaking confidential documents to the "parallel state" led by exiled Turkish cleric Fethullah Gulen, according to the media reports.
A strengthened AKP government is expected to speed up efforts to clean the state of Gulen's loyalists.
A former ally of Erdogan turned arch-enemy who lives in the US, Gulen is charged with "running a terrorist group" which launched a probe into the president's inner circle in 2013.
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He is due to go on trial in absentia in January.
The 73-year-old cleric, who left for the US in 1999 to escape charges of anti-secular activities by the government of the day, denies the allegations.
Turkish authorities responded by purging both the police force and judiciary of pro-Gulen elements and arresting news editors and businessmen.
The movement had supported the Islamic-rooted AKP when it came to power in 2002 but the relationship between the cleric and president degenerated as Erdogan became increasingly worried about Gulen's bid for power.