The 18-year-old, identified as Cansel Buse K, tried to take her own life last week by shooting herself in the head with the service weapon belonging to her father, a policeman, the Dogan news agency reported.
After finding her badly wounded in a pool of blood, the emergency services took her to hospital where she died.
Investigators believe her suicide was brought on after she was sexually abused by a married mathematics teacher at her school in the Melikgazi district of the Kayseri region in central Turkey, Dogan said.
The case has caused huge resonance in Turkey with the hashtag #canselicinsusma -- "don't stay quiet about Cansel" -- the top trending topic on Twitter nationally today.
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Kayseri governor Orhan Duzgun confirmed the teacher had been arrested following an examination of phone records and forensic tests.
The Hurriyet daily said the alleged assault took place two days before the girl's suicide, with her family accusing the school of trying to cover-up the issue after she made a complaint.
According to the Platform to Stop Violence Against Women, 289 women were murdered in Turkey in 2015 alone.