Yusuf Sawar and Mohammed Ahmed, both 21 and from Birmingham in central England, will appear in court in London today "charged with planning and travelling to Syria for terrorism", West Midlands Police said in a Twitter statement yesterday.
Officers said the case was not related to the arrest on yesterday afternoon of another man from Birmingham after he flew into London's Gatwick airport from Istanbul.
The 21-year-old was arrested on suspicion of attending a terrorist training camp in Syria, police said.
Foreign Secretary William Hague said on Monday that "hundreds" of Britons were believed to have gone to fight in Syria and security forces were doing their best to monitor the situation.
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Police would not comment whether the arrests were linked to Syria.
In November British prosecutors dropped a case against a doctor accused of kidnapping a British photographer and his Dutch colleague in Syria.