The 172-40 vote, which is not binding, follows a raft of resignations from the shadow cabinet and calls on Corbyn to quit.
However, the leader's allies have told his critics to trigger a formal leadership contest if they want to challenge him.
"I couldn't believe the strength of feeling, the overwhelming rejection of Jeremy as our leader, and the pleading with him that he should consider his position and go with dignity," said Dame Margaret Hodge, one of the MPs who had tabled the no-confidence motion soon after the UK voted to leave the European Union (EU) last week in a historic referendum.
"MPs don't choose the leader of the Labour Party, the party does. I think it is really sad that colleagues have chosen to stage this three-ring circus because they don't want to have a leadership election because they are not certain of winning a leadership election. The way to resolve this is to have a leadership election," said Dianne Abbot, newly promoted as shadow health secretary and one of Corbyn's closest allies.
Also Read
"Don't let the media divide us; don't let those people who wish us ill divide us. Stay together, strong and united, for the kind of world we want to live in," he said.
He has continued to remain defiant since the crisis was triggered within the party over the weekend with the sacking of Hilary Benn, former shadow foreign secretary.
He was elected as Labour party leader last September in a landslide of Labour members and supporters.