The office of the UN high commissioner for human rights released the report that did not name the companies but could pave the way to a "blacklist" of businesses that Israeli officials fear would be targeted for an international boycott.
"This whole issue is outside the bounds of the High Commissioner for Human Rights office's mandate and is a waste of time and resources," Haley said in a statement.
The report was in response to a resolution adopted in 2016 by the UN Human Rights Council that called for the creation of database of all companies doing business with the Israeli settlements, which the United Nations considers illegal under international law.
"The United States will continue to aggressively push back against the anti-Israel bias, and advance badly needed reforms of the Council," she added.
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Of the 206 companies under review, 143 are based in Israel or in the settlements, 22 in the United States, seven in Germany, five in the Netherlands and four in France.
The report had been due to be released last year but was repeatedly delayed.
Israel's UN Ambassador Danny Danon strongly condemned the report, calling it a "shameful act, which will serve as a stain on the UNHRC forever."
Israeli settlements are seen as illegal under international law and a major obstacle to peace as they are built on land the Palestinians see as part of their future state.
More than 600,000 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank and annexed east Jerusalem in often confrontational proximity to nearly three million Palestinians.
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