Warning of "deteriorating humanitarian conditions", the UNHCR appealed to the government to prioritise entry for the most vulnerable, including the elderly, babies under six months of age and pregnant women.
A statement said 11,000 refugees were in Rukban, about eight kilometres (five miles) from the point where the Syrian, Iraqi and Jordanian borders meet.
The remaining 1,000 are in Hadalat, about 90 kilometres further west.
The areas are in a rocky desert area, devoid of shade, water or vegetation, the statement said.
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"If refugees are not admitted to Jordan and substantial assistance not provided, the lives of refugees will be at risk in the coming winter."
The UNHCR noted Jordan's "tremendous contribution" in hosting more than 630,000 refugees.
It also highlighted the heavy strain that has put on the country's infrastructure and economy, as well as security concerns.
Amman says the actual number is 1.4 million, equivalent to 20 per cent of the small kingdom's population.