"To date, the outbreak has claimed at least 44 lives, out of close to 2,300 confirmed and/or suspected cases," the world body said in a statement.
About USD 9.9 million (8.3 million euros) is needed as part of the relief effort, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said.
The first cholera case was identified in Borno State on August 16 and has since spread, mainly in camps for those displaced by the Boko Haram insurgency.
The agency's deputy humanitarian coordinator for Nigeria, Peter Lundberg, said that despite new treatment centres and sanitation measures, more needed to be done.
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"The camps for displaced persons are congested, there is not enough water, sanitation facilities are poor, and the health care system is weak," he said.
"We must tackle this urgently to avoid preventable suffering and loss of life."
Additional funding would help to implement a cholera response and prevention plan in the coming months, including providing access to clean water and a vaccination programme.
The UN's head of humanitarian affairs and emergency relief, Mark Lowcock, said last week that the threat of famine caused by the conflict's impact on farming had been averted.
But 8.5 million people in the northeast, out of 17 million in the wider Lake Chad region comprising Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger, needed humanitarian assistance, he said.
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