Samer El Debek, 37, of Dearborn, Michigan, and Ali Kourani, 32, of the Bronx, were charged in Manhattan federal court with providing support to a terrorist organisation.
El Debek was arrested June 1 in Livonia, Michigan; Kourani was arrested the same day in the Bronx. Both men were being held in New York City after court appearances. Defense lawyers did not immediately comment.
In a release, authorities said the men tried to provide support to Hezbollah's Islamic Jihad organization after receiving military training from the group.
William F Sweeney Jr., head of the New York FBI office, said the charges "reveal once again that the New York City region remains a focus of many adversaries, demonstrated as alleged in this instance by followers of a sophisticated and determined organisation with a long history of coordinating violent activities on behalf of Hezbollah."
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New York Police Commissioner James P. O'Neill said Kourani and others conducted covert surveillance of potential targets, including US military bases and Israeli military personnel in New York City.
O'Neill noted that Kourani, who was born in Lebanon, received sophisticated military training overseas on at least two occasions, including the use of a rocket propelled grenade. He said El Debek also was charged with possessing extensive bomb-making training from Hezbollah.
Authorities said Kourani attended Hezbollah-sponsored weapons training in Lebanon in 2000 when he was 16. They said he lawfully entered the US in 2003, obtaining a Bachelor of Science degree in biomedical engineering in 2009 and a master's in business administration in 2013.