Erdogan, who has sought to steer often disunited Muslim nations into a coordinated response on the issue, said Muslims would never accept the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
The US step is a "new bomb thrown into the lap of the Middle East," Erdogan said in an address marking the opening of a new metro line in Istanbul.
Reaffirming his past accusations that Israel is a "terror state" because of its treatment of the Palestinians, Erdogan added: "Trying to make Jerusalem capital of a terror state is not a situation that can be accepted by Muslims."
They also urged the world to follow suit and recognise East Jerusalem as the Palestinian capital.
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But the participants did not agree any concrete measures or sanctions, with the OIC riven by divisions including those between Shiite Iran and the Gulf's Sunni kingpin Saudi Arabia.
Both Riyadh and its top regional ally the United Arab Emirates sent lower-level officials rather than leaders to the summit, in a possible snub for Ankara.
"The Jerusalem decision is a harbinger of new operations targeting the Islamic world," he said.
"If Muslims fail to show the necessary reaction on this issue within the law, believe me there will be more to come."
In earlier comments, Erdogan had said Turkey was launching initiatives aimed at forcing an annulment of the American decision at the United Nations.
"No country in the world is above international law," he said.
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