The measures are "vain attempts to pressure Russia," Lavrov said in a statement published by the foreign ministry after a phone call with US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson.
"These kinds of actions seriously threaten the whole relationship" between America and Russia, which is "already experiencing a difficult period without this," Lavrov said.
On Tuesday, the United States added 38 individuals and entities to its sanctions list targeting the Russians and pro-Russian rebels it blames for the fighting in Ukraine.
US Under Secretary of State Tom Shannon had been due to meet Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov in St Petersburg.
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He had hoped to address "irritants" in the relationship, such as tension over Moscow's intimidation of US diplomats and the US seizure of two Russian diplomatic compounds near Washington and New York.
Ryabkov warned late yesterday of retaliation.
"This measure will not remain without a reaction -- there will be measures in response on our behalf," he said.
The US State Department has insisted the sanctions are not being expanded, merely "maintained," by adding new targets as Moscow finds ways around the previous embargo.
It says the measures will stay in place until Russia honours the Minsk agreement to disengage from eastern Ukraine and returns the annexed Crimea peninsula to Kiev.
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