The IIT and Harvard-educated 66-year-old former McKinsey head - currently serving a two-year jail term on insider trading charges in a federal prison in Ayer, Massachusetts - had appealed in the apex court against his 2012 conviction.
Gupta had filed a reply in federal court here last week in support of his motion to vacate his sentence, saying his friendship with jailed hedge fund founder Sri Lankan national Raj Rajaratnam did not prove he received personal gain by passing on classified information.
Gupta - the highest-ranking corporate official to be convicted in the US government's multi-year probe of insider trading in the hedge fund industry - is scheduled to be released from prison in March, 2016.
Today's ruling came after an appeals court upheld his conviction in March last year.
In the March, 2014 ruling, the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit had said that it had considered all of Gupta's arguments on appeal and "found them to be without merit".