The Patriot missile launchers and F-16 warplanes "were approved for deployment to Jordan as part of Exercise Eager Lion," the spokesman for US Central Command, Lieutenant Colonel TG Taylor, said.
"In order to enhance the defensive posture and capacity of Jordan, some of these assets may remain beyond the exercise at the request of the Government of Jordan," Taylor said in a statement.
US officials declined to say how many F-16 fighter jets would be taking part in the joint exercise or how many aircraft might stay in Jordan afterwards.
The deployment of a Patriot anti-missile battery comes after warnings from Washington to President Bashar al-Assad's regime against shipping advanced missiles to militants in Lebanon's Hezbollah Shiite group, which is now openly taking part in the war in support of Damascus.
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Israel has carried out air strikes in Syria in a bid to disrupt the possible delivery of missiles to the Hezbollah movement.
The decision to possibly station F-16s and missile batteries in Jordan will fuel speculation on a potential US military intervention, which the White House so far has described as a remote possibility.
The Pentagon already has sent about 200 troops to Jordan, including an element of a US Army headquarters, to help the country prepare for possible military action in Syria, including scenarios to secure the regime's chemical weapons stockpiles.