A joint US-UK taskforce will work with encryption experts at Britain's GCHQ communications monitoring agency and the US National Security Agency (NSA) to find offenders who operate in the darkest corners of the Internet, he said.
The initiative put the capabilities of US and British electronic eavesdropping agencies in a positive light, after recent damaging revelations that the NSA and GCHQ pried into the private communications of millions of people.
Cameron welcomed announcements by Google and Microsoft, which runs Bing and powers the Yahoo! search engine, to provide 'clean' results to 100,000 searches related to child sex abuse.
"There has been a lot in the news recently about the techniques, ability, and brilliance of the people involved in the intelligence community and GCHQ and the NSA in America," the prime minister said.
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"That expertise is going to be brought to bear to go after on these revolting people sharing these images on the dark net and making them available more widely."
Officials said Britain's new National Crime Agency (NCA) would be joining forces with the FBI to target paedophiles using secret or encrypted networks.
Cameron was speaking after hosting an Internet safety summit with tech companies including Microsoft and Google, child protection groups, the industry-funded Internet Watch Foundation and the NCA.