The surprise announcement late Thursday followed two months of deadly unrest during anti-government protests and signs of division in the socialist leader's side.
The opposition says his constitutional reform plan is a bid to cling to power -- and key allies such as Attorney General Luisa Ortega have broken ranks with him, arguing it is undemocratic.
Maduro said at a cabinet meeting late Thursday that "the new constitution will be put to a referendum so that the people can say whether they agree or not."
Ortega had filed a legal challenge against the plan earlier Thursday. Maduro said those who opposed his plan were "traitors."
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Ortega has been a traditional ally of the socialist leadership since the time of Maduro's late predecessor Hugo Chavez.
Her challenge at the constitutional court does not have legal force to stop Maduro's plan, but "shows the divisions and disagreements within Chavismo," said political analyst Luis Vicente Leon.
Elected in 2013, Maduro is resisting opposition calls for early elections to remove him.
State prosecutors say 61 people have been killed in two months of unrest, which have seen protesters clash daily with riot police.