Angered by Netanyahu's shock campaign pledge to block the creation of a Palestinian state, the White House warned the foundation of its policy for backing Israel had been undermined.
The United States -- a veto-wielding member of the UN Security Council -- has frequently opposed moves at the UN to recognize a Palestinian state.
"Steps that the United States has taken at the United Nations had been predicated on this idea that the two-state solution is the best outcome, said spokesman Josh Earnest.
Palestinian chief negotiator Saeb Erakat told AFP in the wake of Tuesday's vote that they would "speed up, pursue and intensify" diplomatic efforts aimed at winning international recognition.
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The White House said that no policy decisions had yet been made, but sharply noted that US decisions in the past had "protected Israel from isolation in the international community."
The White House also gave short shrift to Netanyahu's efforts to walk back his remarks in a series of US television interviews Thursday.
President Obama, who is yet to call Netanyahu to congratulate him, already had cool relations with his Israeli counterpart even before his remarks about Palestine.
Washington has been frustrated by Netanyahu's support for settlement building and a speech to the US Congress aimed at killing a nascent nuclear deal with Iran, which Obama supports.
The White House said Obama could call Netanyahu as soon as today.