X-rays film inside live insects in 3-D

Scientists have used a particle accelerator to obtain high-speed 3D X-ray visualisations of the flight muscles of flies.
The team from Oxford University, Imperial College, and the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland developed a new CT scanning technique at the PSI's Swiss Light Source to allow them to film inside live flying insects.
The 3D movies of the blowfly flight motor offer a glimpse into the inner workings of one of nature's most complex mechanisms, showing that structural deformations are the key to understanding how a fly controls its wingbeat, researchers said.
In the time that it takes a human to blink, a blowfly can beat its wings 50 times, controlling each wingbeat using numerous tiny steering muscles - some as thin as a human hair.

The membranous wings contain no muscles, so all of the flight muscles are hidden out of sight within the thorax.
"The thoracic tissues block visible light, but can be penetrated by X-rays," said Dr Rajmund Mokso from PSI.

"By spinning the flies around in the dedicated fast-imaging experimental setup at the Swiss Light Source, we recorded radiographs at such a high speed that the flight muscles could be viewed from multiple angles at all phases of the wingbeat.
"We combined these images into 3D visualisations of the flight muscles as they oscillated back and forth 150 times per second," Mokso said.

The flies responded to being spun around by trying to turn in the opposite direction, allowing the scientists to record the asymmetric muscle movements associated with turning flight.
"The steering muscles make up less than 3 per cent of a fly's total flight muscle mass," said Graham Taylor who led the study in Oxford, "so a key question has been how the steering muscles can modulate the output of the much larger power muscles."
"The power muscles operate symmetrically, but by shifting each wing's mechanism between different modes of oscillation, the fly can divert power into a steering muscle specialised to absorb mechanical energy - rather like using the gears of a car for braking," Taylor added.

The scientists hope to use their results to inform the design of new micromechanical devices.
"Flies have solved a problem faced by engineers working on the same scale. How to produce large, complex, three-dimensional motions, using actuators that only generate small, simple, one-dimensional ones?" Taylor said.
The study was published in the journal PLOS Biology.