He also pledged "zero tolerance" for terrorism, separatism and extremism in the region as he called on Asian countries to build a new "sustainable" and "durable" security cooperation structure.
"We cannot just have the security of one or some countries while leaving the rest insecure," said Xi in a keynote speech at the fourth summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA) here in the east China metropolis.
Without taking names, Xi said: "To beef up an entrenched or military alliance targeted at a third party is not conducive to maintaining common security."
"We should strengthen... International and regional cooperation, and step up the fight against the 'three forces', in order to bring a life of happiness and tranquility to the people of this region," said Xi, also head of the ruling Communist Party of China.
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Eleven heads of state and officials from 40 countries, including India, took part in the summit, where China took over the CICA presidency from Turkey.
Xi's remarks came two days after the US indicted five Chinese military officers for serious cybersecurity breaches and allegedly stealing trade secrets from six American entities - in the first-ever charges against known state actors.
China and Vietnam ties have worsened after Beijing sent a deep-water oil drilling rig into contested waters in the South China Sea earlier this month following which violent protests in Vietnam killed at least four Chinese nationals.
Separately, the Philippines accuses China of reclaiming land on a disputed reef within its exclusive economic zone under a UN convention, while China and Japan are at loggerheads over disputed islands in the East China Sea.
However, Xi also pledged to peacefully resolve China's disputes over territory.
"China stays committed to seeking peaceful settlement of disputes with other countries over territorial sovereignty, and maritime rights and interests," he said.