The Japanese currency, often sought in times of market turmoil or economic uncertainty, fell as low as 110.30 per dollar as shares fell in Europe and Asia.
US stocks also looked set open lower, according to index futures.
Oil, which fell in recent days on fading prospects of agreement among producers to curb oversupply, took another hit from data showing US demand for gasoline declined in January for the first time in 14 months.
Further muddying the waters for investors, two senior officials of the US Federal Reserve said the market's views of when the central bank would raise interest rates may be too "pessimistic".
Just a week ago, Fed Chair Janet Yellen said the Fed would proceed cautiously in raising rates -- remarks viewed as dovish and which drove US stocks to 2016 highs.
The dollar fell 0.8% against the yen and last traded at 110.37 yen. The euro fell 0.3% to $1.1354.
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"Clearly risk sentiment is not good and oil prices are declining this week and driving the dollar lower against the yen," said Yujiro Goto, currency strategist at Nomura in London.
The Australian dollar fell with commodity prices and dropped nearly 1% to $0.7533, having risen after the Reserve Bank of Australia left interest rates unchanged, as widely expected.
In stock markets, the FTSEurofirst 300 share index dropped 1.8%. Germany's DAX index slid 2.3% after data showed German industrial orders unexpectedly fell 2.1% in February due to weak foreign demand, especially from euro zone countries.
MSCI's broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan was earlier down 1.7%. Japan's Nikkei index fell 2.4% to an eight-week closing low.
Chinese shares bucked the trend, closing up 1.3 to 1.4% as trading resumed after a market holiday.
Oil prices, down from above $100 a barrel since mid-2014 on a global supply glut to a trough of $27.10 in late January, fell again after the U.S. Energy Information Administration said on Monday that gasoline demand fell 0.6% in January. Total U.S. oil demand fell 1% compared with January 2015.
Brent crude traded 26 cents lower at $37.43 a barrel, down from a 2016 high of $42.54 touched in mid-March.
"As long as most speculative money is long-positioned, there is more room for closing positions and falling prices," said Frank Klumpp, oil analyst at Stuttgart-based Landesbank Baden-Wuerttemberg.
Low-riskAs stock prices tumbled, yields on low-risk government bonds fell. German 10-year yields, the benchmark for euro zone borrowing costs, fell as far as 0.08%, their lowest in almost a year.
"The data signals weaker export growth, softer demand both within the euro zone and abroad and thus suggesting that the ECB's challenge as regards boosting inflation and inflation expectations is and will remain very much an uphill battle," Rabobank strategist Matt Cairns said.
US 10-year Treasury yields fell nearly 6 basis points to 1.72%, their lowest since March 1.
Gold, another perceived safe haven and a top-performing asset in the first three months of 2016, rose 1.4%, reversing losses of 1.4% chalked up in the last two days. It traded at $1,231.40 an ounce.
Copper edged down 0.1% to $4,757.50 a tonne.