Global borrowing hits record as big central banks prepare to tighten credit

Global debt levels have climbed $500 billion in the past year to a record $217 trillion, a new study shows, just as major central banks prepare to end years of super-cheap credit policies.

World markets were jarred this week by a chorus of central bankers warning about overpriced assets, excessive consumer borrowing and the need to begin the process of normalising world interest rates from the extraordinarily low levels introduced to offset the fallout of the 2009 credit crash.

This week, US Federal Reserve chief Janet Yellen has warned of expensive asset price valuations, Bank of England Governor Mark Carney has tightened controls on bank credit and European Central Bank head Mario Draghi has opened the door to cutting back stimulus, possibly as soon as September.

Years of cheap central bank cash has delivered a sugar rush to world equity markets, pushing them to successive record highs. But another side effect has been explosive credit growth as households, companies and governments rushed to take advantage of rock-bottom borrowing costs.

Global debt, as a result, now amounts to 327 percent of the world's annual economic output, the Institute of International Finance (IIF) said in a report late on Tuesday.

One of the most authoritative trackers of global capital flows, the IIF report highlighted "rollover" risks, especially in emerging markets that have borrowed in hard currencies such as euros and dollars.

Such debts will become costlier to service if Western interest rates rise and currencies strengthen.

While US interest rates have already been raised four times, the euro has surged to one-year highs after Draghi's comments on Tuesday, while German 10-year government bond yields — the benchmark for euro area borrowing — have doubled over the past two days.

The Fed too seems intent on continuing to tighten policy — Philadelphia Fed President Patrick Harker said this week balance sheet normalisation should be put on "autopilot".

And despite Britain's tepid economy, several Bank of England rate-setters too voted this month to raise interest rates.

The IIF said the surge in indebtedness was largely down to a $3 trillion rise in debt levels across the developing world, which now have debt totalling $56 trillion. That is 218 per cent of their combined gross domestic product (GDP), a five percentage point rise over year-ago levels, it said.

China accounted for $2 trillion of this rise, with its debt now at almost $33 trillion, data showed.

"Rising debt may create headwinds for long-term growth and eventually pose risks for financial stability," the IIF said.

"In some cases, this sharp debt build-up has already started to become a drag on sovereign credit profiles, including in countries such as China and Canada."

The report acknowledged that advanced economies had continued to deleverage, cutting total public and private debt by more than $2 trillion in the past year, but this was mainly due to the euro zone. Total US debt rose $2 trillion to more than $63 trillion by the first quarter of this year.

But even in the euro zone, household borrowing is at a post-crisis high, data showed this week. The BOE plans to soon publish tighter rules on consumer lending and is bringing forward checks on banks' ability to cope with consumer loan losses.

But it is in the developing world that stresses are most likely to emerge, the IIF noted.

First, emerging hard currency-denominated debt rose by $200 billion in the past year — growing at its fastest pace since 2014 — and 70 per cent of this was in dollars, its report found.

Second, emerging markets have a hefty debt repayment schedule with more than $1.9 trillion of emerging bonds and loans falling due by end-2018, and 15 per cent of this denominated in dollars. The biggest redemptions were in China, Russia, Korea and Turkey, the IIF added.

"Rollover risk is high," the IIF added.

Any significant central bank policy shift risks derailing emerging debt markets, which have delivered robust returns in recent years and are up 7-10 per cent in dollar terms in 2017.

The latest warnings from central bankers have already taken a toll on world markets: World stocks fell half a percent on Tuesday while US equities — which San Francisco Fed chief John Williams described as "running on fumes" — slipped from record highs.

But the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) this week urged policymakers to disregard the potential market turbulence, including high debt levels, and press ahead with rate rises.

"If we leave it too late, it is going to be much more difficult to accomplish that unwinding," BIS advised.