By Trevor Hunnicutt and Ann Saphir
NEW YORK/SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - Despite a U.S. unemployment rate that has plumbed its lowest levels in nearly 50 years, Federal Reserve policymakers remain worried about excessively low inflation, a view that helps explain the central bank's recent decision to put interest-rate hikes on hold.
Traditionally, economists have found that when labor markets run hot, eventually inflation will as well. A spate of new research from within and outside the Fed, however, has suggested that relationship may have weakened.
Speaking Friday at a University of Chicago Booth School of Business conference, New York Federal Reserve Bank President John Williams and San Francisco Fed President Mary Daly both said they still believe that tight labor markets do put upward pressure on inflation, and that with unemployment at 4 percent, the Fed must guard against prices surging.
But, they said, they are just as concerned about excessively low inflation.
"Inflation has been below our target for a long time," Daly said. "Complacency can go both ways and it's important to be vigilant on both sides of the target, not just on the upside but also on the downside."
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Williams cited his own analysis that showed low unemployment does in fact still exert upward pressure on prices and said he concurred that the Fed should be vigilant about a takeoff in inflation.
"We must be equally vigilant that inflation expectations do not get anchored at too low a level," he said.
The concern about excessively low inflation is remarkable, given that the Fed was until recently raising interest rates to keep the economy from overheating as unemployment fell and businesses hired hundreds of thousands of new employees month after month.
But it is indicative of a Fed newly cautious about downside risks to the economy and increasingly convinced that globalization and new technologies have upended old inflation dynamics. This new wariness is in part behind the Fed's January promise to be "patient" about further rate hikes, putting a three-year-old process of policy tightening on hold.
Indeed, Williams and Daly said Friday, inflation expectations are key to keeping inflation on track, and expectations are shaped in large part by experience.
That is why inflation's recent track record of riding well below the Fed's 2-percent target is concerning.
They made the remarks in response to a paper released on Friday that argued that the Fed should not ignore the possibility that low unemployment rates and rising wages could eventually spark higher inflation, as it did in the 1960s. The paper's authors, including the global head of economic research at Deutsche Bank AG's securities division, Peter Hooper, also warned that political pressures could make the Fed complacent about the danger of inflation.
U.S. President Donald Trump last year publicly chastised the Fed for raising rates and tightening monetary policy, describing it as an obstacle to his administration's goal of boosting the economy.
A Fed economic report released Friday showed why concerns about weak inflation have suddenly taken such public root. After raising rates amid faster than expected growth through 2018, the Fed said a series of developing risks likely began slowing the economy late in the year and into 2019.
That included weakening consumer spending and business investment, risks from a global slowdown and trade tensions, "deteriorated" risk appetite among investors, and even a nick to gross domestic product from the partial government shutdown.
(Reporting by Trevor Hunnicutt, writing by Ann Saphir; Editing by Chizu Nomiyama)