(Reuters) - A section of the U.S. Treasury yield curve has moved into inversion. Here is what that means.
WHAT ARE TREASURIES?
U.S. Treasuries are bonds, or debt, sold by the federal government, most of which pay a fixed rate of interest over a fixed period, ranging from one month to 30 years.
They are considered the world's safest securities because they are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.
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WHAT ARE TREASURY YIELDS?
Treasury yields are a measure of the annualized return an investor can expect to receive for holding a government bond to maturity. They also serve as a proxy for interest rates.
Yields are determined by the bond's price relative to its stated interest rate. When bond prices rise, yields fall.
WHAT IS THE TREASURY YIELD CURVE?
It is a plot of the yields on all Treasury maturities ranging from 1-month bills to 30-year bonds.
In normal circumstances, it has an arcing, upward slope because bond investors expect to be compensated more for taking on the added risk of owning bonds with longer maturities. So a 30-year bond typically yields more than a 1-month bill or 3-year note.
When yields further out the curve are substantially higher than those near the front, the curve is referred to as "steep." So a 30-year bond will deliver a much higher yield than a 2-year note.
When the gap, or "spread" in bond market lingo, is narrow, it is referred to as a "flat curve." In that situation, a 10-year note, for instance, may offer only a modestly higher yield than a 3-year note.
GRAPHIC: Different shapes of the U.S. yield curve https://tmsnrt.rs/2QeiU9b
WHAT IS A CURVE INVERSION?
On rare occasions, some or all of the yield curve ceases to be upward sloping. This occurs when shorter-dated yields are higher than longer-dated ones and is called an "inversion."
This week, the yield curve showed evidence of inverting for the first time in more than a decade when the yield on 5-year notes dropped below those for 2-year and 3-year securities.
The rest of the curve still has an upward slope, although the curve overall has been flattening for some time.
GRAPHIC: An inverted yield curve https://tmsnrt.rs/2RCROVY
WHY DOES INVERSION MATTER?
Yield curve inversion is a classic signal that a recession is coming.
The U.S. curve has inverted before each recession in the past 50 years. It offered a false signal just once in that time.
When short-term yields climb above longer-dated ones, it signals short-term borrowing costs are more expensive than longer-term loan costs.
Under these circumstances, companies often find it more expensive to fund their operations and executives tend to temper or shelve investments. Consumer borrowing costs also rise and consumer spending, which accounts for more than two-thirds of U.S. economic activity, slows.
The economy eventually contracts and unemployment rises.
GRAPHIC: The yield curve today https://tmsnrt.rs/2Qf5j1x
HOW SOON DOES RECESSION OCCUR AFTER THE CURVE INVERTS?
The economy has taken anywhere from 12 months to 24 months to fall into recession when the yield curve inverts.
Also, the curve's inversion often ends before a recession begins.
A yield curve inversion has no power to predict the length or severity of a downturn.
WHY DOES THE CURVE INVERT AT ALL?
Shorter-dated securities are highly sensitive to interest rate policy set by a central bank such as the U.S. Federal Reserve.
Longer-dated securities are more influenced by investors' expectations for future inflation because inflation is anathema to bond holders.
So, when the Fed is raising rates, as it has been for three years now, that pushes up yields on shorter-dated bonds at the front of the curve. And when future inflation is seen as contained, as it is now because higher borrowing costs are expected to become a drag on the economy, investors are willing to accept relatively modest yields on long-dated bonds at the back end of the curve.
That dynamic is playing out at present, causing the curve to flatten and possibly invert to an even broader degree than it has already.
(Reporting by Dan Burns and Richard Leong; Editing by Lisa Shumaker)