 "Iran-Israel clash: Does India have its own 'arrow' to down enemy missiles?")
India also has a land-based, two-tier ballistic missile defence (BMD) system, similar to Israel's Arrow Aerial Defence System that helped foil Iran's unprecedented overnight attack using drones and missiles on Saturday.
Almost all of the more than 300 ballistic missiles and drones Iran launched at Israel on Saturday night failed to hit their targets, with 99 per cent of the projectiles being downed as Israel, the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK) and Jordan intercepted them before they got to Israel. Only "a small number" of ballistic missiles reached Israel, but did not cause any loss of life.
While US, British, Jordanian and Israeli combat aircraft also took part in intercepting these projectiles, along with the US Navy's Aegis missile defence system, the foiling of the hours-long Iranian attack once again highlighted the sophisticated, multi-layered missile defence deployed by Israel.
In particular, Israel's Arrow 2 and Arrow 3 systems, jointly developed with the US, were pressed into action during the unprecedented assault, which was Iran's first-ever direct attack on Israel.
In total, about 170 drones, 30 cruise missiles and 120 ballistic missiles were launched at Israel by Iran overnight on Saturday.
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India's own Arrow
India has developed a land-based, two-tier BMD, with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) having successfully completed a series of tests for the system in recent years.
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The BMD system has been designed to track and destroy ballistic missiles, including those armed with nuclear warheads, both inside the earth's atmosphere (endo-atmospheric interception) and outside it (exo-atmospheric interception).
BMD Phase-I and II
India's BMD programme has been divided into Phase-I and II, with the former designed to intercept missiles with a range of up to 3000 kilometres (km) and the latter aimed at missiles with a range of over 5000 km.
Under Phase-I, India has a two-tiered BMD system, consisting of the Prithvi Air Defence Vehicle (PAD)/Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) and the Ashwin Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptors.
The PAD/PDV is meant for exo-atmospheric interception at atlitudes between 50-180 km, while the AAD is designed for endo-atmospheric interception at altitudes between 20-40 km. Both these interceptors have undergone multiple successful tests.
When Phase-I of the BMD programme was completed in April 2019, media reports had said that a formal nod for the deployment of the system's interceptor missiles was expected soon, with Phase-I covering Delhi and Mumbai and protecting them from incoming ballistic missiles.
As part of Phase-I, two indigenous long-range radars were also deployed to track incoming projectiles.
A media report from December 2022 had revealed that a BMD radar site was being constructed at Udaipur, along with another site in Rajasthan and other such installations in Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand. These sites were slated to host long-range tracking radars called the Swordfish, which is an advanced variant of Israel's Green Pine radar.
The first site was supposed to be completed in mid-2023 and the rest in 2024. Business Standard could not independently verify the status of these sites, which were reportedly meant to support the Phase-I BMD programme.
Under Phase-II of the BMD, two missiles, called AD-1 and AD-2, are being developed.
In November 2022, the DRDO conducted the successful maiden flight-test of the Phase-II BMD interceptor AD-1 missile off the coast of Odisha. An official government release said that the flight-test was carried out with the participation of all BMD weapon system elements located at different geographical locations.
Designed as a long-range interceptor missile, the AD-1 is capable of both low exo-atmospheric and endo-atmospheric interception of long-range ballistic missiles and aircraft.
The AD-1 is propelled by a two-stage solid motor and equipped with indigenously-developed navigation and guidance algorithm and control systems.
The AD-2 missile, which is under development, is meant to intercept intermediate-range ballistic missile targets with a range between 3000-5500 km.
India is also developing a sea leg to its BMD system.
In April 2023, the DRDO and Indian Navy successfully conducted the maiden flight trial of a sea-based, endo-atmospheric interceptor missile off the coast of Odisha in the Bay of Bengal. According to an official release, the purpose of the trial was to elevate India into the elite club of nations that have naval BMD capability by neutralising a hostile ballistic missile threat.
Israel's Arrow Proves its Mettle
"Dozens of surface-to-surface missile launches from Iran were identified approaching Israeli territory. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Aerial Defence Array successfully intercepted the majority of the launches using the Arrow Aerial Defence System, together with Israel's strategic allies, before the launches crossed into Israeli territory," the IDF said in an official statement on social media in the early hours of Sunday.
Israel operates a range of systems to intercept hostile projectiles, ranging from ballistic missiles to rockets and low-flying cruise missiles.
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According to Israel's Missile Defense Organization, the Iron Dome forms the lowest rung of the country's missile defence ladder.
The intermediate rung is the David’s Sling, designed to intercept short- and medium-range threats.
The final rung is made up of the Arrow 2 and Arrow 3 systems, which have been jointly developed with the US.
According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Arrow 2 is designed to destroy ballistic missiles in their terminal phase in the upper atmosphere. It has a range of 90 km and a maximum altitude of 51 km.
The Arrow 2 is described as an upgrade of the US Patriot missile defence system.
The Arrow 3, which employs hit-to-kill technology, is designed for exo-atmospheric interception of ballistic missiles -- that is, it intercepts the missile in space, before it reenters the atmosphere.