Google crash: What are the alternatives for users in case of future outage

The vast suite of services provided by Google crashed for periods between 45 minutes to four hours in different parts of the world on Monday. The economic disruption caused by this outage was considerable because Google is such a massive presence across the digital ecosystem.
 

Let’s enumerate some areas of disruption. Google serves 3.5 billion users, which is approximately half the world population.

The most obvious disruption is search, of course. Search was not terribly badly affected in itself because search can be anonymous. As we shall see, services that need user authentication were hit harder. However, advertising revenue