From the cotton field in rural India to the local rag bin, a typical pair of blue jeans consumes 919 gallons of water during its life cycle, Levi Strauss & Company says, or enough to fill about 15 spa-size bathtubs. That includes the water that goes into irrigating the cotton crop, stitching the jeans together and washing them scores of times at home.
The company wants to reduce that number any way it can, and not just to project environmental responsibility. It fears that water shortages caused by climate change may jeopardise the company’s very existence in the coming decades by making cotton too expensive or scarce.
So, to protect its bottom line, Levi Strauss has helped underwrite and champion a non-profit programme that teaches farmers in India, Pakistan, Brazil and West and Central Africa the latest irrigation and rainwater-capture techniques. It has introduced a brand featuring stone-washed denim smoothed with rocks but no water. It is sewing tags into all its jeans, urging customers to wash less and use only cold water.
To customers seeking further advice, Levi Strauss suggests washing jeans rarely, if at all — the theory being that putting them in the freezer would kill germs that cause them to smell.
Conservation worries are not limited to the clothing giants: Food and beverage conglomerates, tobacco companies and metal and mining companies are all starting to reckon with their heavy dependence on water. PepsiCo, for example, has embraced a method of sanitising plastic bottles with purified air instead of water at a plant in Georgia. For its Frito-Lay brands, it has identified drought-resistant potato strains it provides to farmers, along with a soil-monitoring method so that crops are watered only when necessary.
The Carbon Disclosure Project, a group that monitors corporations’ greenhouse gas emissions, recently added water security to its priorities. Of the 150 companies that responded last year to a questionnaire that it sent to the world’s largest corporations, nearly 40 per cent reported water problems had already resulted in “detrimental impacts” to their businesses.
The threat of water shortages was brought home to Levi Strauss last year when floods in Pakistan and parched fields in China destroyed cotton crops and sent prices soaring. Roughly, two pounds of cotton go into every pair of jeans that the company manufactures. Although scientists are wary of linking specific extreme weather events to climate change, recent increases in floods and droughts are in line with patterns that experts have long projected would result from global warming. The general thumb rule is wet regions would get wetter and dry regions would become even more arid.
Upmanu Lall, director of the Columbia Water Center at Columbia University’s Earth Institute, said the local implications of those changes were still being sorted, but “agriculture, which does best with a relatively consistent supply of water, would be impacted the most.” That is particularly the case for cotton, the world’s biggest non-food crop. Many big cotton-producing countries like India, which has tens of thousands of small cotton farmers, lack the reservoirs to store water, heightening the risk of shortages. Companies doing business abroad are also contending with rising water costs or water that is not clean enough. Then there is the threat of bad publicity if a corporation is perceived to be squandering precious local water.
“The total volume of water used by a single beverage business, for example, may not be much,” Lall said. “But they are often the most visible users in a locality, depleting groundwater much more quickly than, say, a small farmer.”
It is not lost on American and European manufacturers that cotton already competes with grain for what arable land exists in some regions, a tension that would only grow as the world seeks to feed its growing population in coming decades.
‘BETTER COTTON’
Because cotton is mostly grown by a diffuse network of very small farmers in more than 70 countries, encouraging water-efficient practices is a formidable challenge. Cotton cultivation accounts for more than three per cent of the world’s agricultural water use and six per cent of all pesticide purchases. Outmoded practices like field flooding contribute to overconsumption.
In 2005, non-governmental and cotton industry organisations and some giant retailers, including Ikea, the Gap and Adidas, founded the Better Cotton Initiative to promote water conservation and reduce pesticide use and child-labour practices in the industry.
Levi Strauss joined the group in 2009. Partners include groups like Cotton Inc, an American industry association that has provided technical know-how. A three-year independent study of Indian farms found those adopting the new techniques reduced water and pesticide use by an average of 32 per cent, the initiative says. The profit was 20 per cent higher than that of a control group using traditional methods.
Kailash Himmitrao Mahalle grows cotton in Shelu, about 90 miles east of Mumbai. On one side of his 15-acre farm, which was used to compare methods, the cotton plants are about a foot taller and bear more flowers than the ones on the other side. The lusher field has a drip irrigation system — a tangle of plastic veins that direct water to each plant’s root system — installed with advice from the Better Cotton Initiative.
Mahalle said the drip system spread water and fertiliser more evenly than traditional pumping, and because it put water only where it was needed, it also resulted in fewer weeds.
Power failures, commonplace in India, are less worrisome now because drip irrigation does not require electricity over an extended period of time, as traditional irrigating methods do. “This takes three hours; that takes three days,” Mahalle said, and his water use is down by about 70 per cent.
The resulting crop from the new methods of farming is now referred to by Levi Strauss and the initiative as ‘better cotton’. Levi Strauss’s top management says about five per cent of the cotton used in the two million pairs of jeans the company shipped to stores this fall was grown with the sustainable method. The company wants that number to rise to 20 per cent by 2015.
Ikea, the furniture chain, hopes to be using ‘better cotton’ exclusively by 2015. Footwear maker, Adidas, has said it would do the same by 2018.
To reach its 20 per cent goal, Levi Strauss says it must radically change how it does business, engaging more directly with contractors, as well as farmers. There was a time when American corporations preferred not to know what was going on in foreign factories — to afford them maximum deniability in the event that poor labour or environmental practices were discovered.
Levi Strauss, which reported $4.4-billion in net revenue last year, would not reveal how much it spent on water sustainability efforts, beyond saying the company and its foundation had given a combined $600,000 to the Better Cotton Initiative since 2009.
SELLING AN IDEA
On a recent morning at Levi Strauss headquarters in San Francisco, company executives were trying to figure how best to capitalise on their water conservation efforts. After being briefed on the cotton initiative by the sustainability team, the new chief marketing officer, Rebecca Van Dyck nodded her approval, then asked, “But do our customers know?”
Internal company research tells them Levi Strauss consumers like to see themselves as changing the world, Van Dyck said. The company does not disclose sales figures for individual products, but it said Levi Strauss jeans that were marketed this year were less water-intensive and sold faster than regular Levi’s that were similarly priced.
The company would start to publicise its commitment to better cotton in videos on its web site and at sustainability conferences. There was more awareness on online jeans forums. Edmund X White, a Brooklyn photographer, even chronicled his efforts to avoid washing his jeans. Two months into his experiment, on his honeymoon in Jamaica, he wrote, he dived into the ocean with a pair on. Later, White boasted, 11 months passed without a wash.
“As long as you don’t get dirt on them, don’t do a lot of strenuous activity in them and — sorry if this is a bit vulgar — be sure to always wear underwear, you can really go a very long time between washing,” he wrote.
©2011 The New York
Times News Service
