 "This June 28, 2009 image provided by NASA, taken by the international Cassini spacecraft, shows Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons. A new study published online Wednesday, March 11, 2015, in the journal Nature, suggests there are ongoing interactions.")
For the first time, scientists have detected large quantities of methanol molecules around Saturn's moon Enceladus, a finding that has significant implications for the search for alien life.
Enceladus has peaked scientists' interest since water- rich plumes were discovered gushing from its south pole.
The discovery was made by the Cassini spacecraft, which has since flown through the plumes and sampled organic compounds.
The latest results, however, were gained using the IRAM 30-metre radio telescope in the Spanish Sierra Nevada, and reveal a higher-than-expected quantity of the molecule methanol around Enceladus.
This is the first detection of a molecule from Enceladus with a ground-based telescope.
Enceladus's plumes are thought to originate in water escaping from a subsurface ocean through cracks in the moon's icy surface.
Eventually these plumes feed into Saturn's second- outermost ring, the E-ring. Recent work has found similar amounts of methanol in Earth's oceans and Enceladus's plumes.
However, the new discovery suggests that material spewed from Enceladus undertakes a complex chemical journey once vented into space.
"Recent discoveries that icy moons in our outer Solar System could host oceans of liquid water and ingredients for life have sparked exciting possibilities for their habitability," said Emily Drabek-Maunder, from Cardiff University in the UK.
"But in this case, our findings suggest that methanol is being created by further chemical reactions once the plume is ejected into space, making it unlikely it is an indication for life on Enceladus," said Drabek-Maunder.
The team suggests the unexpectedly large quantity of methanol may have two possible origins: either a cloud of gas expelled from Enceladus has been trapped by Saturn's magnetic field, or gas has spread further out into Saturn's E-ring.
In either case, the methanol has been greatly enhanced compared to detections in the plumes.
"Observations aren't always straightforward. To interpret our results, we needed the wealth of information Cassini gave us about Enceladus's environment," said Dave Clements from Imperial College of London.
"This study suggests a degree of caution needs to be taken when reporting on the presence of molecules that could be interpreted as evidence for life," said Clements.
"This finding shows that detections of molecules at Enceladus are possible using ground-based facilities," said Drabek-Maunder.
"However, to understand the complex chemistry in these subsurface oceans, we will need further direct observations by future spacecraft flying through Enceladus's plumes," she said.
