Pushing for a legally binding substantive outcome at the Copenhagen climate change meet, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh today said India is willing to sign on to an ambitious global target for emission reduction or limiting temperature increase if it is accompanied by an equitable burden-sharing paradigm.
He denounced attempts by some developed nations to junk the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gas emissions and said climate change "is becoming the pretext for pursuing protectionist policies under a green label", which would be rejected by India and other developing nations.
In a strongly-worded intervention at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meet (CHOGM) here, Singh said, "It is unfortunate that the global discourse on climate change has become enmeshed with arguments about maintaining economic competitiveness or level-playing fields."
Singh disapproved of attempts by some developed countries to lower expectations from the December Summit on Climate Change, saying the negotiations should not be pre-empted and effort should be made to achieve as much convergence as possible.
"If the outcome at Copenhagen diminishes rather than enhances the implementation of the UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) in respect of the specific components of mitigation, adaptation, finance and technology, it would represent a serious setback, no matter how we seek to characterise this result," the Prime Minister told the Summit of 53 former British colonies.
Noting that India has repeatedly emphasised on the need for the Copenhagen outcome to be "comprehensive, balanced and above all, equitable", Singh said it must be comprehensive in the sense that it must cover all the inter-related components of mitigation, adaptation, finance and technology.
Singh declared that "India is willing to sign on to an ambitious global target for emissions reductions or limiting temperature increase but this must be accompanied by an equitable burden sharing paradigm".
"We acknowledge the imperative of science but science must not trump equity. Climate Change action based on the perpetuation of poverty will simply not be sustainable," he said at the conference attended by special invitees UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon and French President Nikolas Sarkozy besides the leaders of member countries.
Observing that climate change is a challenge of global dimensions which deserves an international and collaborative response, he said, "climate change is becoming the pretext for pursuing protectionist policies under a green label. This would be contrary to the UNFCCC and a violation of the WTO as well. India and other developing countries will strongly resist this."
Singh said that despite efforts of the developing countries, party to the Kyoto Protocol, the second track of multilateral negotiations, no progress has been achieved in fulfilling the mandate of the Working Group on it, which has been meeting for the past three years.
"The attempts by some countries to dispense with the Kyoto Protocol altogether has generated avoidable misgivings and have been strongly resisted by all developing countries without exception," he said, hoping that "a legally valid instrument to which we too are parties, will not be set aside in a cavalier manner" as it will "undermine credibility in any future legally-binding instrument".
The Prime Minister said contrary to impressions which have been "mistakenly circulated", the Kyoto Protocol will not expire in 2012, the year which marks the end of the first commitment period for developed country parties to fulfil their legally binding obligations to reduce their economy-wide emissions by a specific quantified figure.
"The negotiations under way are to review progress achieved in meeting the targets by 2012 and to sign on to more significant obligations in the second commitment period commencing in 2013," he said.
He highlighted that provisions of the UNFCCC had barely been implemented and in the meantime, the threat of climate change had become more compelling than had been envisaged when the Rio Convention was concluded in 1992.
Hence, he said the failure to achieve an outcome on four components of fight against climate change – mitigation, adaptation, finance and technology -- at Copenhagen would serve as a setback.
"A view has been expressed that given the limited amount of time available, we should aim for a political outcome rather than a legally binding outcome," Singh noted.
Rejecting this view, he said, "We should not pre-empt the Copenhagen negotiating process. Whatever time is still available to us before the High Level Segment meets from December 16, should be used to achieve as much convergence as possible."
The Prime Minister said if the consensus is that only a political document is feasible, "then we must make certain that the post-Copenhagen process continues to work on the Bali mandate and the UNFCCC continues to be the international template for global climate action. We must avoid any lowering of sights".
There must be "balance and equal priority" given to each of the four components involved in fighting climate change – mitigation, adaptation, financing and technology transfer, he said.
"Mitigation is important but cannot take precedence over adaptation which, for many countries represented here, poses a greater challenge. And most important from our perspective, is the need to ensure an equitable outcome corresponding to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities," Singh emphasised.
Explaining the urgency to reach a decision, Singh pointed out that several small island developing nations, which are the least responsible for climate change, are the most vulnerable to its impact and their "very survival is at stake".
"We appreciate their (small island developing countries) concern because India, too, has extensive island territories and low lying coastal plains, which are vulnerable to sea-level rise ad extreme climatic events. We have modest resources at our disposal but we are willing to share whatever we have to build adaptive capacity among the least developed countries and the Small Island Developing States," Singh said.
The Prime Minister noted that India has adopted an ambitious National Action Plan on Climate Change with eight National Missions covering both mitigation and adaptation.
Each of the National Missions, including those on renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency and expanding forest cover, are "platforms on which we would be happy to pursue cooperative partnership with sister Commonwealth countries", he said.
He welcomed the proposal made by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown for the mobilisation of at least $100 billion by 2020 for supporting climate change action in developing countries, but observed that much of this finance is market-based and hence subject to market volatility and unpredictability.
