The policy intention of doubling of farmers’ incomes in five years is fraught with multiple challenges, including erratic monsoons and market imperfections. But a recent paper brought out by Sanjoy Chakravorty, S Chandrasekhar and Karthikeya Naraparaju of the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research goes deeper into the income profile of farmers in India, and explores the contours of income inequality among them. They use the two income surveys carried out by the National Statistics Office (NSO) in 2003 and 2013.
The analysis shows that small landholders are prone to debt traps, as their consumption spend is more than their