It is an open secret in the banking world: the interest rates for many mortgages and loans are based on a benchmark that is largely guesswork.
The flaws in the rate-setting process, used to determine the pricing for trillions of dollars of financial products, have been exposed by the latest banking scandal.
Regulators around the world are investigating whether big banks gamed the rates for their own benefit before and after the financial crisis. But even if banks do not deliberately manipulate the rates, the benchmark remains vulnerable.
Banks derive the rates from estimates, rather than real market data. So, the benchmark, a measure of how much banks charge each other for loans, does not necessarily represent actual borrowing costs. This weakness has only been exacerbated in recent years, as banks have mostly stopped lending to each other.
The Federal Reserve chairman, Ben S Bernanke, told Congress this week that he did not have “full confidence” in the process, calling it “structurally flawed.” The troubles centre on a key benchmark known as the London interbank offered rate, or Libor. This rate and its variants are used to determine the prices for mortgages and other loans, and play a critical role in the multitrillion dollar market for the financial contracts called derivatives.
The Libors are set every weekday around 11 am, a process overseen by the British Bankers’ Association. At that time, a group of big banks report how much interest they would pay to borrow money from other institutions over different periods and in different currencies. After removing the outliers, the remaining numbers are averaged to come up with the various rates. On Thursday, the three-month Libor, in American dollars, stood at 0.4531 per cent. But the precise rates have little basis in reality.
Since the crisis, many banks have been content to park their cash with central banks, rather than lending it out to other institutions. That means there are few interbank transactions on which to base their Libors, according to bankers who operate in this market.
“Libor was intended for an international lending market that has long since past,” said Pete Hahn, a finance professor at the Cass Business School in London. “The whole concept of interbank lending died after Lehman Brothers collapsed.”
Now, regulators and investors are questioning whether the benchmark should play any role in determining borrowing costs. Top central bankers will meet in September to discuss potential reforms.
“Why continue with something you know has a substantial amount of wiggle room?” said Alexander T Arapoglou, a professor at University of North Carolina’s business school. “It is just opinions that people could disagree with or manipulate.”
The benchmark was supposed to solve a problem for bankers. For years, institutions haggled over the rates charged for different types of loans. To create consistency, the British Bankers’ Association developed the Libor standard. At the time, the interbank market functioned relatively well.
As the financial sector ballooned in the last two decades, Libor became increasingly more important.
The rates currently cover 10 different currencies, and underpin more than $360 trillion of financial products worldwide. Even so, the process remains unregulated, with oversight falling largely to the bankers’ association. In response to concerns during the crisis, the association conducted a review of Libor and put changes in place in late 2008.
A spokesman for the trade body declined to comment.
After Barclays agreed to pay $450 million to settle a rate-manipulation case with authorities in June, the trade organisation began its own investigation into Libor. The British Bankers’ Association is also assessing ways to improve the process, along with central bankers and other authorities.
But it is very difficult to improve Libor if a robust market does not exist.
The industry does not track comprehensive totals for interbank loans. One measure, published by the Federal Reserve, shows that such lending has declined to levels not seen since the 1970s, although the figures do not capture the entire market.
Bankers indicate that such lending has almost completely evaporated. In the current environment, financial institutions will lend money to each other only for a short time, say one month or less. That means banks are largely making estimates for key benchmarks like the three-month and the one-year Libor.
Those two borrowing periods are critical. Vast amounts of derivatives are pinned to the three-month Libor, while the rates on many adjustable-rate mortgages are based on the one-year Libor.
“We just aren’t borrowing that much in this market right now,” said Daryl N Bible, the chief financial officer of BB&T, a bank based in Winston-Salem, NC. Since interbank lending has stagnated, institutions are largely looking to other types of borrowing to come up with Libors, including certificates of deposits and loans from money market funds. But this is an inexact science that can distort the Libor market.
For example, banks often submit the same rates several days in a row, despite changing market and economic conditions.
In June, JPMorgan Chase reported the same one-year Libor every single day, according to data from Thomson Reuters, which is responsible for collecting the benchmark information. The bank’s rate: 1 per cent.
By contrast, UBS calculated the figure to three decimal places and regularly changed its rates. At the beginning of June, the Swiss bank reported a one-year rate of 1.037 per cent. It dropped to 0.972 per cent at the end of the month.
Neither bank responded to a request for comment.
There can also be wide discrepancies among similar benchmarks, which may reflect the artificial nature of the process.
While the recent three-month Libor stood at 0.4531 per cent, the parallel euro interbank offered rate in American dollars amounted to 0.91643 per cent.
During periods of turmoil, the process gets murkier. Some traders indicate that banks at times of stress report rates that would be almost impossible to achieve.
When the European debt crisis heated up this summer, French banks were viewed as vulnerable, meaning they would have had a hard time borrowing at reasonable rates. But the country’s banks continued to report Libors, and they remained largely flat.
“When the French banks saw their stock price going down 10 per cent a day, could they have borrowed at Libor? There isn’t a chance,” said a senior executive at a large Wall Street firm who spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the ongoing investigations.
In some ways, the flaws with Libor make it a convenient tool for Wall Street. If banks had to carefully reference a real, sometimes volatile, market, they might find it harder to set rates regularly.
Allowing banks to submit guesstimates makes it relatively simple to come up with a daily number. The practices suits the vast derivatives markets, which need a daily rate to price products like interest-rate swaps.
“It is true that current Libor methodology is very convenient for the derivatives world,” said Darrell Duffie, professor of finance at Stanford. “Convenience should not trump accuracy.”
As the Libor scandal has unfolded, the industry is grappling with how to fix the process. One suggestion is to choose banks’ Libor submissions randomly when setting the overall rate, making it harder to manipulate. Authorities have also proposed having independent auditors oversee the process.
The race to replace Libor has also heated up. One suggestion is to use rates from another market that banks frequently use to lend to each other. These loans are backed with high-quality financial assets that lenders can keep if borrowers fail to repay. The limited volume of Libor-related loans do not have such collateral.
The Wall Street firm Cantor Fitzgerald is also developing an index of different short-term lending markets. The idea is that the benchmark, a more diversified reflection of borrowing, could be used as a substitute for Libor.
“To be reliable, indices have to be transaction-based and transparent,” said Gary S Gensler, the chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the regulator that led the inquiry into Barclays.
© 2012 The New York Times News Service
