As western governments ratchet up sanctions against Russia over its invasion of Ukraine, Moscow's emerging markets allies are exploring channels for trade and financing to continue.
The other members of the erstwhile BRICs group - Brazil, India and China - are treading cautiously for fear of tripping on the sanctions, but the beginnings of a parallel financial system centred on Beijing are becoming detectable.
The United States and Europe have banished big Russian banks from the main global payments system SWIFT and announced other measures to limit Moscow's use of a $640 billion war chest.
So the willingness of the emerging market giants
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